Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the participants according to GDM status
Variables | No GDM (n = 218) | GDM (n = 93) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 29.0 ± 3.9 | 30.0 ± 3.9 | 0.031 |
Age ≥ 35 y, n (%) | 16 (7.3) | 17 (18.3) | 0.004 |
Education > 12 years, n (%) | 163 (74.8) | 68 (73.1) | 0.760 |
Employed, n (%) | 163 (74.8) | 70 (75.3) | 1.000 |
Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 21.3 ± 2.9 | 22.5 ± 3.2 | 0.002 |
Prepregnancy BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2, n (%) | 37 (17.0) | 25 (26.9) | 0.045 |
Primipara, n (%) | 156 (71.6) | 71 (76.3) | 0.384 |
Conception with ART, n (%) | 79 (36.2) | 40 (43.0) | 0.261 |
Monochorionic twins, n (%) | 88 (40.4) | 40 (43.0) | 0.664 |
Smoking before pregnancy, n (%) | 8 (3.7) | 6 (6.5) | 0.279 |
Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 8 (3.7) | 5 (5.4) | 0.491 |
Gestational age of sampling, wk | 24.2 ± 1.0 | 24.3 ± 0.8 | 0.124 |
Season of sampling | 0.338 | ||
Summer/autumn, n (%) | 90 (41.3) | 33 (35.5) | |
Winter/spring, n (%) | 128 (58.7) | 60 (64.5) | |
25(OH)D concentrations, ng/mL | 32.5 ± 11.4 | 27.8 ± 9.9 | < 0.001 |
Sufficiency (≥ 30 ng/mL), n (%) | 139 (63.8) | 41 (44.1) | 0.002 |
Insufficiency (20–30 ng/mL), n (%) | 40 (18.4) | 33 (35.5) | |
Deficiency (< 20 ng/mL), n (%) | 39 (17.9) | 19 (20.4) |