Methodology and challenges for harmonization of nutritional data from seven historical studies

Nutrition Journal

Table 4 Intake (gram per day) for each meat category according to questionnaire type and sex

Weight (gram per day]	FFQ Weighted Mean^a ± SE^b			24-HR recall Weighted Mean ^a ± SE^b
Food Category	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
n	26,909	13,987	12,922	2,733	1,268	1,465
Total energy intake (Kcal/day)	1,940 ± 3.9	2,412 ± 6.5	1,669 ± 4.8	1,509 ± 12.1	1,718 ± 19.0	1,329 ± 13.8
Total Meat	94.6 ± 0.4	108.8 ± 0.8	89.3 ± 0.4	92.0 ± 1.9	110.0 ± 3.3	77.0 ± 2.1
Total processed meat	37.0 ± 0.2	31.5 ± 0.4	39.1 ± 0.3	10.0 ± 0.7	13.0 ± 1.1	8.0 ± 0.8
Total Red meat ^c	27.0 ± 0.2	38.6 ± 0.5	22.9 ± 0.2	25.0 ± 1.1	33.0 ± 1.9	18.0 ± 1.1
Unprocessed Red Meat (beef/pork/lamb)	10.4 ± 0.1	17.3 ± 0.3	8.5 ± 0.1	14.0 ± 0.9	18.0 ± 1.6	11.0 ± 1.0
Processed beef/pork	8.1 ± 0.1	10.3 ± 0.2	9.4 ± 0.1	1.7 ± 0.3	2.8 ± 0.6	0.7 ± 0.2
Ultra-processed beef/pork	3.1 ± 0.07	3.9 ± 0.13	1.2 ± 0.05	2.7 ± 0.3	3.7 ± 0.4	1.6 ± 0.3
Total Poultry ^d	58.0 ± 0.3	67.0 ± 0.5	54.0 ± 0.3	66.0 ± 1.9	77.0 ± 3.2	57.0 ± 2.1
Unprocessed Poultry (Chicken/Turkey/Duck)	35.0 ± 0.2	50.0 ± 0.4	29.0 ± 0.3	51.0 ± 2.2	53.0 ± 2.4	45.0 ± 2.5
Processed poultry	22.0 ± 0.2	16.0 ± 0.3	23.0 ± 0.2	2.5 ± 0.4	2.5 ± 0.6	2.3 ± 0.5
Ultra-processed poultry	2.1 ± 0.04	3.6 ± 0.13	1.6 ± 0.04	3.1 ± 0.3	3.1 ± 0.4	3.0 ± 0.4
Fish	35.0 ± 0.5	44.7 ± 0.9	31.0 ± 0.6	22.0 ± 1.2	25.0 ± 2.0	20.0 ± 1.4
Organ meats	5.0 ± 0.07	3.2 ± 0.09	8.5 ± 0.10	2.5 ± 0.3	2.9 ± 0.5	2.0 ± 0.4

^aThe weighted mean was calculated by weighting the mean of each separate study according to its standard error, the weight being\(\frac{1}{{se}^{2}}\)
^bThe standard error was calculated as 1 divided by the square root of the sum of weights
^cBeef/pork/lamb
^dChicken/Turkey/Duck

ISSN: 1475-2891