Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the enrolled participants
All (n = 41) | Low-calorie formula diet (n = 21) | Low-calorie real food-based diet (n = 20) | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), years | 40.4 (8.8) | 38.5 (9.7) | 42.4 (7.4) | 0.11 |
Male, n (%) | 28 (68.3) | 15 (71.4) | 13 (65.0) | 0.06 |
Education, n (%) | 0.20 | |||
< Bachelor’s degree | 14 (34.1) | 9 (42.9) | 5 (25.0) | |
Bachelor’s degree | 23 (56.1) | 9 (42.9) | 14 (70.0) | |
> Bachelor’s degree | 4 (9.8) | 3 (14.3) | 1 (5.0) | |
Weight, mean (SD), kg | 87.0 (20.3) | 90.1 (24.5) | 83.9 (14.6) | 0.33 |
Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 30.2 (5.3) | 30.6 (6.3) | 29.7 (4.3) | 0.61 |
Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 102.7 (13.1) | 104.5 (16.4) | 100.9 (8.3) | 0.39 |
MRI-derived liver fat content, mean (SD), % | 13.8 (7.7) | 12.9 (8.1) | 14.7 (7.3) | 0.46 |
MRI-derived pancreatic fat content, mean (SD), % | 6.1 (4.6) | 5.7 (4.7) | 6.5 (4.7) | 0.62 |
Duration of diabetes, mean (SD), years | 2.7 (2.5) | 2.6 (2.4) | 2.8 (2.8) | 0.86 |
Hemoglobin A1c, mean (SD), % | 8.0 (1.8) | 8.2 (1.9) | 7.8 (1.7) | 0.52 |
Fasting glucose, mean (SD), mmol/L | 7.6 (2.5) | 7.3 (1.8) | 8.0 (3.1) | 0.43 |
HOMA2 indexes, mean (SD) | ||||
HOMA2-IR | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.5 (0.9) | 3.0 (1.4) | 0.32 |
HOMA2-%B | 97.8 (51.1) | 96.8 (49.1) | 98.8 (54.4) | 0.90 |
HOMA2-%S | 43.2 (17.1) | 45.7 (16.3) | 40.5 (17.9) | 0.34 |
Arginine stimulation test | ||||
INSAUC, median (Q1, Q3), pmol/L*min | 1427 (869, 2242) | 993 (725, 1697) | 1777 (1192, 4085) | 0.03 |
Acute insulin response, median (Q1, Q3), pmol/L | 206 (97, 348) | 183 (83, 232) | 267 (155, 542) | 0.09 |
Acute C-peptide response, mean (SD), ng/mL | 2.7 (1.8) | 2.3 (1.4) | 3.1 (2.0) | 0.16 |
KITT, mean (SD), %/min | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.1 (0.8) | 1.3 (1.0) | 0.70 |
No. of glucose-lowering drugs, n (%) | 0.06 | |||
0 | 10 (24.4) | 2 (9.5) | 8 (40.0) | |
1 | 16 (39.0) | 10 (47.6) | 6 (30.0) | |
≥2 | 15 (36.6) | 9 (42.9) | 6 (30.0) | |
Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 26 (63.4) | 12 (57.1) | 14 (70.0) | 0.60 |
Current smoking, n (%) | 11 (26.8) | 5 (23.8) | 6 (30.0) | 0.93 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 10 (24.4) | 8 (38.1) | 2 (10.0) | 0.08 |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 8 (19.5) | 4 (19.1) | 4 (20.0) | 1.00 |
Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 131.6 (17.0) | 131.5 (16.2) | 131.8 (18.2) | 0.97 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 85.2 (9.0) | 86.6 (9.0) | 83.8 (9.0) | 0.32 |
Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/L | 5.2 (1.5) | 5.1 (1.5) | 5.3 (1.6) | 0.65 |
LDL-C, mean (SD), mmol/L | 3.3 (0.8) | 3.4 (1.0) | 3.3 (0.6) | 0.65 |
HDL-C, mean (SD), mmol/L | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | 0.87 |
Triglycerides, median (Q1, Q3), mmol/L | 1.9 (1.5, 2.8) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.1) | 2.3 (1.6, 2.8) | 0.18 |