You are viewing the site in preview mode

Skip to main content

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of survey participants according to osteoporosis diagnosis

From: Dietary riboflavin (vitamin B2) intake and osteoporosis in U.S. female adults: unveiling of association and exploration of potential molecular mechanisms

Characteristics

Overall (n = 4241)

Non-osteoporosis(n = 2966)

Osteoporosis(n = 1275)

P-value

Age

50.00 (38–62)

45.00 (35–57)

60 (50–70)

< 0.001

Age categorical

   

< 0.001

 <=30

618 (14.57%)

539 (18.17%)

79 (6.20%)

 

 30–50

1570 (37.02%)

1318 (44.44%)

252 (19.76%)

 

 >=50

2053 (48.41%)

1109 (37.39%)

944 (74.04%)

 

Race/ethnicity

   

< 0.001

 Mexican American

717 (16.91%)

518 (17.46%)

199 (15.61%)

 

 Other Hispanic

467 (11.01%)

351 (11.83%)

116 (9.10%)

 

 Non-Hispanic White

1968 (46.40%)

1294 (43.63%)

674 (52.86%)

 

 Non-Hispanic Black

762 (17.97%)

611 (20.60%)

151 (11.84%)

 

 Other Race

327 (7.71%)

192 (6.47%)

135 (10.59%)

 

Education

   

0.025

 Less than high school

970 (22.87%)

655 (22.08%)

315 (24.71%)

 

 High school or equivalent

932 (21.98%)

635 (21.41%)

297 (23.29%)

 

 Some college or above

2339 (55.15%)

1676 (56.51%)

663 (52.00%)

 

Marital status

   

< 0.001

 Married/living with partner

2431 (57.32%)

1752 (59.07%)

679 (53.25%)

 

 Never married

608 (14.34%)

497 (16.76%)

111 (8.71%)

 

 Others

1202 (28.34%)

717 (24.17%)

485 (38.04%)

 

PIR

2.16 (1.11–4.18)

2.18 (1.10–4.24)

2.14 (1.14–4.12)

0.836

BMI

27.36 (23.60-31.96)

28.70 (24.69–33.40)

24.90 (21.77–28.30)

< 0.001

BMI categorical

   

< 0.001

 <=25

1435 (33.84%)

787 (26.53%)

648 (50.82%)

 

 25–30

1339 (31.57%)

928 (31.29%)

411 (32.24%)

 

 >=30

1467 (34.59%)

1251 (42.18%)

216 (16.94%)

 

Total MET

800 (0-2760)

920.00 (0-3070)

560 (0-1920)

< 0.001

Total MET categorical

   

< 0.001

 Inactive

1217 (28.70%)

788 (26.57%)

429 (33.65%)

 

 Insufficiently active

610 (14.38%)

411 (13.86%)

199 (15.61%)

 

 Moderate active

537 (12.66%)

361 (12.17%)

176 (13.80%)

 

 Highly active

1877 (44.26%)

1406 (47.40%)

471 (36.94%)

 

Vitamin D supplement, mg

0.02 (0.02–0.02)

0.02 (0.02–0.02)

0.02 (0.02–0.02)

0.897

Milk consumption

   

< 0.001

 Never/rarely (never or less than once a week)

1459 (34.40%)

970 (32.70%)

489 (38.35%)

 

 Sometimes (once or more a week

 but less than once a day)

1219 (28.74%)

899 (30.31%)

320 (25.10%)

 

 Often (once a day or more)

1563 (36.85%)

1097 (36.99%)

466 (36.55%)

 

Prednisone or cortisone intake

   

< 0.001

 Yes

270 (6.37%)

161 (5.43%)

109 (8.55%)

 

 No

3971 (93.63%)

2805 (94.57%)

1166 (91.45%)

 

Diabetes

   

< 0.001

 Yes

448 (10.56%)

277 (9.34%)

171 (13.41%)

 

 No

3793 (89.44%)

2689 (90.66%)

1104 (86.59%)

 

Smoking

   

0.427

 No

767 (18.09%)

525 (17.70%)

242 (18.98%)

 

 Yes

785 (18.51%)

542 (18.27%)

243 (19.06%)

 

 Missing

2689 (63.40%)

1899 (64.03%)

790 (61.96%)

 

Menopause

   

< 0.001

 No

2077 (48.97%)

1770 (59.68%)

307 (24.08%)

 

 Yes

2164 (51.03%)

1196 (40.32%)

968 (75.92%)

 

Albumin, g/L

42.00 (40.00–44.00)

42.00 (40.00–44.00)

42.00 (40.00–44.00)

0.001

ALP, U/L

66.00 (53.00–81.00)

63.00 (51.00–79.00)

71.00 (57.00–86.00)

< 0.001

Serum total calcium, mmol/L

2.350 (2.300–2.400)

2.350 (2.300-2.425)

2.350 (2.300–2.400)

< 0.001

Phosphorus, mmol/L

1.227 (1.098–1.324)

1.259 (1.130–1.356)

1.227 (1.098–1.324)

< 0.001

Dietary intake

    

 Energy, kcal

1940.00 (1433.00-2619.00)

2004.50 (1492.00-2703.00)

1688.00 (1263.50–2252.00)

< 0.001

 Riboflavin, mg

1.86 (1.30–2.58)

1.92 (1.32–2.65)

1.69 (1.20–2.30)

< 0.001

 Calcium, mg

817.00 (529.00-1184.00)

837.00 (541.00-1213.00)

737.00 (479.00-1050.00)

< 0.001

 Magnesium, mg

270.00 (197.00-367.00)

278.00 (202.00-375.00)

245.00 (178.00-333.00)

< 0.001

 Vitamin D, mg

3.20 (1.30–6.10)

3.20 (1.30–6.20)

3.00 (1.20–5.40)

0.001

 Zinc, mg

9.81 (6.78–14.18)

10.21 (7.02–14.70)

8.58 (5.94–12.25)

< 0.001

  1. Abbreviations: RCS, restricted cubic spline; BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent task; PIR, ratio of family income to poverty; ALP, alkaline phosphatase
Back to article page

Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

Contact us