Fig. 4

Baseline fecal metabolites selected by the binomial elastic net regression significantly associated with baseline ultra-processed foods (UPF) consumption. Association tested with linear regression adjusted for sex, age, education (primary, secondary, tertiary), recruiting center (Alicante, Barcelona, Reus, Valencia), smoking status (never, former, smoker), diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia prevalence, body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity, alcohol intake, fiber intake, NOVA Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 foods consumption. Values in x axe indicate UPF consumption in g/day, values in y axe indicate rank-based inverse normal transformation of metabolite concentration with P < 0.05