Fig. 1

Participant recruitment and trial flowchart. (A) The trial enrolled full-term neonates (≥ 37 weeks) who had serum bilirubin levels exceeding 15 mg/dL on postnatal day 4. These infants were given two probiotic capsules daily and were closely monitored for changes in bilirubin levels and any adverse reactions until their discharge. (B) A total of 300 participants were randomized into three groups: the AP-32 group (n = 99), the CP-9 group (n = 99), and the placebo group (n = 98). Of these, 277 participants completed the trial