Table 2 Dietary protein and amino acid intake of study participants according to sex and age group1)
Total (n = 18,565) | Males (n = 7,886) | Females (n = 10,679) | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein/amino acid2) | 19-64 years (n = 6,595) | ≥ 65 years (n = 1,291) | 19-64 years (n = 9,500) | ≥ 65 years (n = 1,179) | ||
Protein (g/day) | ||||||
Total protein | 72.5 ± 0.2 | 90.7 ± 0.4 | 63.9 ± 0.5 | 63.8 ± 0.2 | 46.0 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
Animal protein | 41.9 ± 0.4 | 56.8 ± 0.7 | 37.0 ± 1.8 | 38.0 ± 0.4 | 22.4 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
Plant protein | 34.6 ± 0.1 | 40.5 ± 0.2 | 39.1 ± 0.3 | 30.6 ± 0.1 | 30.3 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
Protein (% of energy) | ||||||
Total protein | 15.3 ± 0.0 | 15.9 ± 0.1 | 14.1 ± 0.1 | 15.0 ± 0.1 | 12.9 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
Animal protein | 8.0 ± 0.1 | 8.7 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 7.8 ± 0.1 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
Plant protein | 7.3 ± 0.0 | 7.2 ± 0.0 | 8.6 ± 0.1 | 7.2 ± 0.0 | 8.5 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
Total amino acids | 62.1 ± 0.2 | 78.5 ± 0.4 | 54.1 ± 0.5 | 54.4 ± 0.2 | 38.4 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
EAAs | 24.9 ± 0.1 | 31.6 ± 0.2 | 21.5 ± 0.2 | 21.7 ± 0.1 | 15.2 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
BCAAs | 11.8 ± 0.0 | 14.9 ± 0.1 | 10.8 ± 0.1 | 10.2 ± 0.0 | 7.8 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
Isoleucine | 2.9 ± 0.0 | 3.7 ± 0.0 | 2.6 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.0 | 1.9 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Leucine | 5.2 ± 0.0 | 6.6 ± 0.0 | 4.7 ± 0.0 | 4.5 ± 0.0 | 3.4 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Valine | 3.7 ± 0.0 | 4.6 ± 0.0 | 3.5 ± 0.0 | 3.2 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Lysine | 3.7 ± 0.0 | 4.8 ± 0.0 | 2.8 ± 0.0 | 3.2 ± 0.0 | 1.9 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Methionine | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Phenylalanine | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 3.8 ± 0.0 | 2.7 ± 0.0 | 2.6 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Threonine | 2.5 ± 0.0 | 3.2 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 2.2 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Tryptophan | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Histidine | 1.9 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
NEAAs | 37.3 ± 0.1 | 46.9 ± 0.2 | 32.6 ± 0.3 | 32.7 ± 0.1 | 23.3 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
Arginine | 4.1 ± 0.0 | 5.2 ± 0.0 | 3.8 ± 0.0 | 3.6 ± 0.0 | 2.6 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Tyrosine | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Cysteine | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Alanine | 3.8 ± 0.0 | 4.8 ± 0.0 | 3.5 ± 0.0 | 3.2 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Aspartic acid | 6.0 ± 0.0 | 7.5 ± 0.0 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.0 | 3.9 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Glutamic acid | 11.1 ± 0.0 | 14.0 ± 0.1 | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 9.9 ± 0.0 | 6.6 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
Glycine | 2.6 ± 0.0 | 3.4 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 2.3 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Proline | 4.2 ± 0.0 | 5.2 ± 0.0 | 4.0 ± 0.0 | 3.6 ± 0.0 | 3.0 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Serine | 2.7 ± 0.0 | 3.4 ± 0.0 | 2.3 ± 0.0 | 2.4 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |