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Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants according to metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease status

From: The association between total, animal, and plant protein intake and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in overweight and obese children and adolescents

 

Total sample (N = 505)

Without MAFLD (N = 309)

MAFLD (N = 196)

P-value

Demographic data

    

Age (years)

10.0 ± 2.3

9.7 ± 2.1

10.5 ± 2.5

< 0.01

Gender (Males, %)

52.9

52.1

54.1

0.66

Puberty (Prepubertal, %)

23.4

23.2

23.5

0.96

Weight (Kg)

49.6 ± 15.0

46.2 ± 12.3

55.1 ± 17.2

< 0.01

Height (cm)

142.2 ± 12.3

140.0 ± 11.4

145.5 ± 12.9

< 0.01

Body mass index (Kg/M2)

24.0 ± 3.8

23.1 ± 3.1

24.4 ± 4.4

< 0.01

BMI for age z-score

2.87 ± 0.98

2.72 ± 0.80

2.99 ± 0.72

0.02

Waist circumference (cm)

83.5 ± 10.6

80.9 ± 9.4

87.6 ± 10.9

< 0.01

Passive smoker (%)

23.8

30.4

23.9

0.13

Physical activity (MET/hour/week)

8.6 (3.0-20.4)

8.9 (2.6–20.4)

7.5 (3.7–20.4)

0.89

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

105.0 (97.5–116.0)

105.0 (95.0-115.0)

105.0 (100.0-120.0)

0.26

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

65.0 (60.0–75.0)

65.0 (60.0–75.0)

65.0 (60.0–70.0)

0.84

Biochemical data

    

Fasting serum insulin (mU/mL)

16.4 ± 8.6

15.5 ± 7.9

17.8 ± 9.6

0.01

Fasting blood sugar (mg/dl)

91.1 ± 8.7

90.6 ± 8.9

91.9 ± 8.5

0.11

HOMA-IR

3.73 ± 2.16

3.5 ± 1.9

4.1 ± 2.3

0.01

Triglyceride (mg/dl)

109.5 (81.0-151.5)

110.0 (83.0-152.0)

168.0 (91.0-122.0)

0.01

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

171.0 ± 55.9

172.3 ± 66.8

169.2 ± 31.8

0.54

HDL (mg/dl)

47.1 ± 11.7

49.0 ± 11.6

44.0 ± 11.3

< 0.01

LDL-C (mg/dl)

98.0 ± 25.5

97.3 ± 24.4

99.1 ± 27.2

0.43

Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)

16.0 (11.0–22.0)

15.0 (11.0–19.0)

18.0 (13.0–32.0)

0.01

Aspartate amino transferase (U/L)

23.0 (17.0–29.0)

22.0 (16.0–28.0)

25.0 (17.0–32.0)

0.01

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/L)

17.0 (15.0–21.0)

16.9 (14.0–19.0)

19.0 (16.0–24.0)

0.01

Dietary intake

    

Energy (Kcal/day)

3046.3 ± 956.3

3069.9 ± 998.5

3009.1 ± 887.0

0.48

Carbohydrate (% of energy)

56.0 ± 6.2

56.1 ± 5.8

56.0 ± 3.7

0.89

Fat (% of energy)

33.1 ± 5.8

31.0 ± 5.5

31.1 ± 3.6

0.76

Total protein (% of energy)

13.4 ± 2.2

13.3 ± 2.1

13.6 ± 2.3

0.10

Animal protein (% of energy)

7.0 ± 2.5

6.7 ± 2.4

7.5 ± 2.6

0.01

Plant protein (% of energy)

6.4 ± 1.4

6.5 ± 1.5

6.2 ± 1.3

0.04

  1. Significant p-values are highlighted in bold
  2. Abbreviations: HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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