Table 3 Dietary intakes of study participants across quartile of dietary total, animal, and plant-based protein intake

Energy (Kcal)

3134 ± 1004

2995 ± 967

3210 ± 1043

3005 ± 948^*

3049 ± 907

3109 ± 999

Total protein (% of energy)

10.7 ± 0.9

16.3 ± 1.5^*

11.4 ± 1.6

15.9 ± 1.9^*

13.6 ± 2.5

14.0 ± 2.1^*

Plant-based protein (% of energy)

6.18 ± 1.06

6.50 ± 1.74^*

7.3 ± 1.6

5.4 ± 1.2^*

4.7 ± 0.54

8.3 ± 1.0^*

Animal-based protein (% of energy)

4.59 ± 1.24

9.81 ± 2.46^*

4.1 ± 0.86

7.6 ± 0.52^*

8.9 ± 2.7

5.7 ± 2.1^*

Fat (% of energy)

34.6 ± 6.6

32.4 ± 5.2^*

32.7 ± 7.1

34.5 ± 5.3^*

36.3 ± 5.1

30.1 ± 5.8^*

SFA (% of energy)

10.1 ± 2.5

10.8 ± 2.8

9.3 ± 2.4

11.9 ± 2.7^*

12.2 ± 2.4

9.1 ± 2.4^*

MUFA (% of energy)

11.0 ± 2.9

10.5 ± 2.0

10.8 ± 2.9

11.1 ± 2.0

11.6 ± 2.3

9.7 ± 2.2^*

PUFA (% of energy)

7.6 ± 2.3

6.4 ± 1.5^*

7.4 ± 2.3

6.6 ± 1.6^*

6.9 ± 2.1

6.7 ± 1.8

Carbohydrate (% of energy)

56.8 ± 6.6

54.4 ± 6.3^*

58.4 ± 6.7

52.4 ± 6.1^*

52.1 ± 5.1

59.4 ± 5.9^*

Sodium (mg/1000 kcal)

1357 ± 414

1461 ± 372^*

1456 ± 419

1424 ± 347

1403 ± 483

1552 ± 399^*

Calcium (mg/1000 kcal)

381 ± 88

554 ± 150^*

373 ± 70

575 ± 142^*

529 ± 145

443 ± 126^*

Zinc (mg/1000 kcal)

3.8 ± 0.5

5.4 ± 0.7^*

4.2 ± 1.0

5.1 ± 0.7^*

4.5 ± 0.7

4.7 ± 0.8^*

Magnesium (mg/1000 kcal)

136 ± 20

175 ± 28^*

156 ± 38

159 ± 25

140 ± 19

183 ± 31^*

Iron (mg/1000 kcal)

6.6 ± 1.0

7.0 ± 1.3^*

7.3 ± 1.3

6.3 ± 1.2^*

5.7 ± 1.2

8.4 ± 1.2^*

Fiber (g/1000 kcal)

18.2 ± 6.4

16.0 ± 5.3^*

19.4 ± 6.4

14.1 ± 4.5^*

12.9 ± 3.8

20.6 ± 5.3^*